Social Work and Looked After Children | Book Review

Social Work and Looked After Children Book ReviewCocker, C. Allain, L. (2008) Social Work and Looked After Children. Exeter Learning Matters Ltd.(This is t every last(predicate)y 8 on the list)The field of force of aired aft(prenominal) children buzz off received considercapable attention within the favorable work and insurance discourse over recent years. The book Social Work and Looked After Children by Christine Cocker and Lucille Allain was chosen for this review because it is not concludeable an opposite amountition to the discourse, it represents a comprehensive and important submission which navigates the system of terra firma c atomic number 18 for children from the moment they enter the system until the moments they leave. The atomic number 18a of looked after children is an important aspect of social work, entailing the care of extremely susceptible young raft usually suffering from trauma. Social work students usually approach the area with some aim of fea r and trepidation and there was a definite absence within the discipline of a comprehensive simple to use guidebook. This book is simple, still not simplistic and addresses the core concepts within the area of looked after children robustly. It addresses complex issues from legislation and policy to nonage issues, disability, and theoretical debates deftly. While the book was seemingly created for the student practitioner, comprehensive span, research summary tables, bullet foreland tips and summaries of key frameworks and policies within each areas makes it a mustiness have for any adept student and social work practitioner committed to functional with under fire(predicate) children and young people.The book starts by outlining the relevant policies that direct work with looked after children. It offers a comprehensive summary of the history and ethics of working with looked after children and the tick which underline the policies. In tandem, it presents a statistical traje ctory mapping the number of looked after children in the care system in recent years to set the foundation for the discussions within the book. The second chapter is an excellent accompanying foundation chapter which identifies the main legal frameworks guiding work with looked children e.g. The Childrens Act of 1989 and the Every Child Matters policy document of 2003. Central to the thesis in this chapter, was the emphasis that work with looked after children should attempt to remove labels of exclusion and reinforce the entitlements of the child, according to the United Nations Conventions Rights of the Child document.The various pathways by which children entered the system was examined and these were considered in relation the existing legal frameworks and how the conditions surrounding their entry into care, should be of vital importance to social role players whose main aim to support the child by understanding the entirety of their cases. The navigation from entry to exit o f the care system, highlighted its strengths and weaknesses and in so doing zoomed in on areas where social workers need to be especially alert, for example, in their support and sound judgements of foster parents and the conditions of residential care homes for vulnerable children. The examination of the child assessment process, presented a chronological and in-depth look at one of the core tools of the social worker. Cocker and Allain focused on the important skills such(prenominal) as observation, reflection and empathy needed by the social worker to deliver best devote meeting the needs of the child and in any case to build the future client practitioner relationship. The authors emphasized the importance of planning the assessment by studying the childs files and reflecting on your have got judgments regarding the issues emerging before beginning the assessment in order to avoid projecting your accept values and stymie the future client relationship or create barriers to getting information which may best support the client.The book considered the importance of conference skills to the social work practitioner and in work with looked after children. It examined the impact of voice communication on culture, the various types of communication patterns both verbal and non-verbal and highlighted how being able to engage the looked after child to participate in their own recovery through expression was central to successful practice. It also highlighted the need for practitioners to recognize that their voice communication is inclusive and does not make the looked after child feel as if they are being controlled. It implores the practitioner to be aware(predicate) of the power in language and to ensure that the way they communicate does not impart discriminatory undertones about the looked after childs vulnerable grade.While the issue of ethnicity and disability is oft examined on the fringes of the mainstream work, this book dedicates two rigorous chapters to both areas. The chapter identified the importance of cultural awareness in working with looked after children especially considering the high poesy of minority children in looked after facilities. Cocker and Allain underline the need for practitioners to be vigilant in ensuring their practice is anti-discriminatory and impressively, they also link communication with ethnic minority looked after children as one are which is usually affected by cultural ignorance. They argue that looked after children from ethnic minorities are usually very aware that are sometimes treated differently because of not only being in care besides because of their ethnicity and are therefore very attuned to individuals who are culturally ignorant of their needs. They highlight the dangers this corporation pose to developing trust within the client practitioner relationship and encourage vigilance in this area.Also considered was how shackle issues must be interrogated within social work as sessments and interventions with look after children. The authors acknowledged the debates about using attachment framework with looked after children and acknowledged that spot there is a risk of using attachment supposition in a deterministic manner with looked after children who are constantly in handing over between carers, it mickle also be useful to build problem solving skills, coping strategies and to build self reliance and resilience.Also addressed were the cordial health needs of looked after children and implored social work practitioners to seek out inter-agency collaboration with other(a) specialist for such children. They also address the importance of preparation in the lives of looked after children and explore the disjointed and inconsistent educational experiences they usually experience. Social work practitioners are encouraged to support the educational experience of looked after children as this lowlife help to improve their self esteem and outlook. Fin ally, the book looked at the issue of adoption and permanence and discussed how this process can be turned on(p) and confusing for the looked after child. It provides great advice on how to support both adoption parents and the looked after child through the process of change for example in working with them on how to display empathy and how to communicate with the child.In conclusion, there was a need for a comprehensive text on looked after children and as is demonstrated in this review, the areas interrogated by Cocker and Allain in this text, provides a first-rate resource with which to study, debate and get guidelines on current issues within the subject.1What is the Most Credible defense of Punishment?What is the Most Credible solelyification of Punishment?What is the Most Credible Justification of Punishment?Punishment has been a part of the human society invariably since the beginning of civilization. Throughout the history, wrong doings or wrong acts have exclusively s tood out the like sore thumbs, greatly affecting the very emotions of man. These un righteousnessful acts, which have been later termed as crimes, are as noticeable as kind acts but the only difference is that the former harbours condemnation than praise penalty than reward. Man sees such crimes as condemnable especially those that are heinous such as rape, murder, arson, genocide and other types that puts humanity into shame and the community into disarray. Wrongdoers who have been accused of committing crimes would be brought into trials to give them the chance to correspond themselves. However, if they fail to do so, then the hands of justice result strike them drink and cast down on them the necessary penalization they merit according to the legal laws created by the governing bodies. When this happens, people pass on say that justice has been served or that the criminal got what he deserves. Some will feel that the penalty is necessary to avenge the man or the woman wh o have been seriously wronged by the offender. Other people will see that this type of action is necessary in order for the criminal to realize the sins he has committed. Greek philosophers of the past realized this too early when Soc grade stated that to serve as a corrective measure that would be of benefit to the criminal by helping him to overcome his evil tendencies (Patterson, 1985, p.44). There would also be those who will acknowledge penalization because they will see it as something that benefits the whole community or the country. For in berth, when a corrupt president is ousted and sentenced with capital penalisation, people will rejoice because they will see it as something beneficial not only to a certain individual, but to the whole country as well. These are just some of the common views toward penalisement that can be observed in our everyday lives, from commentaries in news write ups, news on the television and the radio, to simple informal communication with a cquaintances, friends and relatives. It seems that penalization is already deeply embedded within the very core of human civilization and most have accepted this act without question. However, in a philosophical sense, punishment in all its form has many loopholes, problems and questions that need to be resolved.Existing punishment theories such as Consenquentialism and Retributivism have tried to defend the importance of punishment to human society how it can benefit the society, the victim, and the offender or the criminal.According to Duff, cited in Hart (1968, pp.1-27), there are three justificatory issues that must be addressed in order to confirm punishment. The first thing that should be asked is the general justifying aim of a system of punishment. We should identify what justifies the inception and maintenance of such a system what good does it achieve and what duty does it fulfil. Next is to identify who may properly be penalise. It this case, the principles or aim s that should determine the allocations of punishments to individuals should be identified. Finally, the theorists should know the appropriate amount of punishment needed and the factors that would affect the severity a sentence the sentencers should impose. Duff (2004) added that philosophers should also know which concrete modes of punishment are appropriate, in general or for particular crimes.These four main questions should reveal an acceptable justification of punishment. Unfortunately, each type of punishment opening offers a different type of answer to all of those questions. In this sense, the values of one may clash with the other, creating more doubt and confusion than realization. Basically, the Retributist and the Consequentialist or a Retributist-consenquentialist all compete in providing most justifiable explanation of punishment. Among these three, there could be a normative account of punishment that is morally acceptable to society. After all, it is the responsi bility of theorists to provide an acceptable explanation of this human act. However, as Duff (2004) stated, philosophers must be prepared or must be open to the startling and deplorable possibility that this pervasive human practice cannot be justified. Now, with all these issues at hand, is there a opening that best justifies punishment or is there precisely any? Is there a apt justification of punishment?Understanding Punishment and its PurposeTo have an understanding of which type of punishment offers the most credible justification of such pervasive human act, we must first have an understanding of the concept of punishment.Punishment is always coined as legal because of it is written in the legislation. Generally, it is defined it as first a cultural process and secondly a mechanism of particular institutions, of which criminal law is but one (Simon, citing from Newman, 1983, pp. 2-3). In a non-general specific account of legal punishment, Harts five elements of legal puni shment offers an interesting explanation the involvement of pain or other consequences that are unpleasant the involvement of an offence against legal rules an act that is of an actual or supposed offender for his offence administered intentionally and finally, only the authorities can impose and administer such an act or in the old clich nobody is above the law (Hart, 1968, pp.4-5 Zaibert, 2005, p.225 Gottschalk, 1999, pp.195-196).On the other hand, ideologies such as retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and reformation offer some alternative definition of punishment (Wilson, 1975, pp.6-12 Allen, 1981, p.1 Gottschalk, 1999, pp.195-196 Hoffman, 2002, pp.1-2 Jiang et al, 2007, p.85). The different views essentially shape the current application of punishment in todays mankind as it encompasses from an individual to a broader cultural belief. Further, these different views have their own justification of punishment.Within the definitions of punishment also come the two types la ws specifically mandated for punishment civil and criminal law. Duff (2004) explains that civil law deals in part with wrongs which are non-private in that they are legally and socially declared as wrongs, but at the same time, private in that it is up to the mortal who was wronged to seek legal redress. On the other hand, a criminal case refers to a case between the accused criminal and the whole political community, the state or the people, and the defendant (Duff, 2004). Nonetheless, Duff (2004) explained that it is tough to distinguish the civil from the criminal law. The problem is to determine which crimes should be accepted as unrestricted and which crimes should be accepted as private ones. Should it be that all crimes are both public and private in a sense that it has wronged both the norm and the individual? Should the crime committed against the society be the ultimate justifiable explanation of punishment or should it be more focused on the crime committed against the individual? It can be argued that none of these accounts are credible enough to justify punishment since from every angle, it is also an act that the society detests and it is a horrifying gruesome act if not mandated by law. McDermott (2001, p.403) stated that punishment is morally troubling because it almost always causes human suffering. For instance, throughout the history of punishment in the United States, those who had committed the most severe forms of crimes have suffered in untamed and painful methods such as hanging during 1853, the electric chair, the gas chamber, and the latest most humane type of capital punishment, the lethal injection (Turley, 2008, p.13a). Means of punishment have changed over time but the ends have always been the same bringing pain to the sentenced. Even though the government claims that new forms of punishment are less painful such as the lethal injection, cases of botched executions are still taking place causing oftentimes more pain to the punished (Turley, 2008, p.13a). Basically, the cries of the society to abolish the death penalty or to lessen the pain that is involved with it also shows that humans can instinctively feel uncomfortable that such acts are nearly as heinous and horrible as the acts committed by the criminal. Nonetheless, it can be strongly argued that to detest punishment as much as to detest the crimes committed by the criminal is a selfish act that is against order. Detesting punishment for its moral grounds can be argued as something that is on the side of social disorder rather than order simply because there is no alternative means to instigate order other than punishment. The utilitarian temperament is perhaps the most credible justification of punishment since it is not bounded by individual feelings or emotions, but rather by a clomp of feelings and emotions. Allowing criminals to roam free in the streets may be a moral act of compassion but it does not remove the fact that these criminals are chanceful and there is a very real risk that they may cause further damage to the society. Of course, this characteristic is also evident within the retributivist principle but its aim is more on the individual rather than the good of the majority. Kant stated that nonetheless though it is not for the good of all, a wrongdoer must still be punished for the benefit of the wronged (Kant and Hastie, 1790, p.82 Barber, 1994, pp.246-250). For Kant, the moment an individual does an unjust act he already gives himself the right to punished (Kant and Hastie, 1790, p.82 Barber, 1994, pp.246-250).The Retributivists ViewRetributivism is a theory of punishment that argues people should always and only be treated as ends and never as means, and that are the actions of government legitimate only to the degree to which they are consistent with this model of citizenry (Clear, 1994, pp.8-9). The belief that the state should inflict harm in order to confirm the moral order established by the l aws of the state is the purist view of retributivism. Retributivism puts more importance on the moral grounds compared to the classic utilitarian view, which more on the political side (Clear, 1994, pp.8-9). The retributivist believes that punishment is necessary because it is simply deserved by the offender ( cart, 1991, Clear, 1994, pp.8-9). The main theme of this theory is the old clich eye for an eye, within which it promotes revenge, just deserts and practices fairness and proportionality. The retributivist belief is the backbone of the levels of punishment that our society currently has from the petty illegal parking fine to the severe capital punishment. The theory shows that the harshness of punishment should be proportionate to seriousness of the crime (Hoffman, 2000, p.1). However, if this is the case, then punishment is nothing more than a mere personal vendetta executed with the help of the state. This reasoning basically limits punishments benefit to the victim alone . But in contrast to this generalization, Ten (1993, p.43) argued that Retributive punishment is only inflicted on the wrongdoer, whereas revenge is sometimes inflicted on an innocent person close to the revengee, either because this is an easier target or because it is thought that this would hurt the revengee more.Retributivism has some serious problems that are not evident in some punishment theories like utilitarianism. Retributivist has the hard job of explaining why it is more than mere vindictiveness to punish offenders rather than use these seemingly more humane alternatives (Bennett, 2004, p.325).As Dewey organiseed out in his theory of punishment when we are concerned with morality, we are concerned with developing the future responsible agency of a person, and thus moral education is the relevant practice involved (Dewey cited In Shook, 2004, p.69). Retributivism is not concerned with the future responsible agency of the offender because its objective is to end it by inf licting the same amount of damage inflicted on the offended. In this case, critics can strongly argue that retributivist offer a non-credible explanation on why punishment is necessary, both morally and politically. According to its critics, its moral deface lies in its lack of regard to the humanity of the offender while its political flaw lies in its lack of regard for the society at large. However, the stance of this paper is against those views simply because a consequentialist can inflict the same amount of punishment as a retributivist could inflict if the situation grants it. For instance, a state that punishes an angry spend marching down the street for protest just because it can promote sedition can also have the same weight as surd an important public figure who has wronged the public in many possible ways. The soldier can be subjected to torture and imprisonment as forms of punishment, and these acts can basically strip off the soldier any possible future possible age ncy of change since to his belief, the State tells only lies and teaches its beliefs that are a sacrilege to its own (as when corruption and bribery within government is accepted as truthfulness and the norm). In other words, humane is a complex word that is yet to be defined by both the consenquentialist and the retributivist. What may be humane to another person may not be humane to another and so on. The point is that no matter how some scholars defend the idea of punishment as a mere tool for control, its methods of punishment can be as cannibalic as those of the retributivists.The Complexity of ConsequentialismConsenquentialism seems to be just an excuse for those are in power to demonstrate their power without any regards to its citizens. Its first component is that an action or institution is right if it maximally achieves whatever are intrinsically good states of affairs while minimizing whatever are intrinsically bad states of affairs (Katz, 1999, p.64). The other compone nt stresses that welfare is the only sort of thing that is intrinsically good (Katz, 1999, p.64).Thus, this theory claims that together and alone, people only act to maximize enjoyment (Kunz, 1998, p.10).However, maximize happiness simply means minimizing those who suffer. In other words, consenquentialism does not aim for the equality of justice but more on the biased side of favouring those flocks of people who think that this is the way to maximize happiness. Aside from being biased, it also puts those in power untouched by this so-called punishment since they can easily reason out that ousting or punishing them will have a negative impact on, say, the economy. Bell (1993, pp.118-122) supports this rationale when he stated that consequentialism promotes abuse in power of authority figure because they can easily justify that what is done is for the good of the majority. Basically, these people in power can develop an unsympathetic stance for reformists and revolutionists as it m utes the critique of society and restricts possibilities of action by beginning with the way things and people are.Further since to consenquentialists claims about maximizing happiness, they then refer to digits results that can be statistically tested. However, it seems that statistical tests were not in their favour. It was found that the calculation of net social welfare that utilitarianism demands often cannot be equated with the intuitive demands of justice (Moore, 1999, p.64). Furthermore, it has been argued that sometimes innocence is sacrificed for the general welfare, while the guilty are freed in order to meet what is perceived as good for all (Moore, 1999, p.64).Comparison of views in justifying punishmentConsenquentialism is far too complex to justify punishment as compared to the simplicity and straightforwardness of retributivism. Because of the larger and more general claim of consenquentialism, it is in a position where it has to prove its claims of maximized happine ss through generalized means. However, according to Katz (1999, p.64-69), consenquentialists are yet to prove this. Even the concept of deterrence, a claimed benefit of consenquentialism, has its share of loopholes that are difficult to explain. In a specific study that tried to prove the impact of deterrence, data on state homicide rates were employed and execution rates between 1976 and 1997 were examined across 50 states and the District of Columbia were estimated. The study found that that the death penalty indeed helps (to) deter criminal acts (Yunker, 2001, p.310). Further, the relationship between deterrence and homicide rates was also criticized because only relatively few supportive data exists (Simson, 2001, pp.306-307). Simson (2001, pp.306-307) stated that most case studies failed to emphasize the relationship between the two variables. Also, Walker (1991, p.52) supports the claims that deterrence is unsupported statistically.On the other hand, retributivistic punishment only limits its case within the offender and the victim. If the victim becomes satisfied after he or she heard or witnessed the punishment of his or her offender, then the goals of retributivism have been achieved. Deterrence is basically not the aim, rather, the restoration of the dignity of the victim by inflicting the same level of punishment to the offender. The individuals happiness, although not the main cause of happiness of the country as a whole, is a beginning that may produce more ripples of happiness that externally affects others in society. For instance, it may signal the development of a fair and equal justice system where all who have committed serious crimes will be punished no matter how powerful he or she might be. Retributivism also is more ethical because it answers to individual sins and crimes rather than on a questionable and complex common good that consenquentialists claim. It does not disguise itself as justice because it is in fact justice to victim unl ike consenquentialism that can be used as a mask to hide the truth or to twist and distort the beliefs of those who are weak.ConclusionOn the whole, retributivism is more unreserved and more transparent than consequentialism since it only concerns giving legal retribution to those who are victimized. However, Retributivism still needs to explain several points, such as proving why wrongdoers deserve to suffer (Shafer-landau, 2000, p.210). Further, it needs to emphasize and justify how the level of punishment metered out to the offender can possibly equal that of the crime inflicted on the victim. For instance, how would a retributivist punish a rapist? Sexually violating the rapist may not be a good idea and the retributivist must find another alternative punishment to somehow level it with damaged caused to the victim (Waldron cited in Shafer-landau, 2000, pp.197). Others might argue that the retributivist principle is one that is cold-hearted and has no concern for the welfare of the criminal (Bennett, 2002). Finally, retributivism has been interpreted as a backward belief that has no regard for the common good (Bennett, 2002. p.148). Basically, retributivism receives as nearly as much criticism as the less favoured theory in this paper, consenquentialism. However, the consenquentialist must answer on how it could actually give justice to the victim without inflicting too much punishment on the criminal. There is perhaps no answer to this since the very core of punishment is inflicting pain on the offender as a form of justice for the victim. Considering the welfare of the offender may prefer away the feeling of satisfaction from a justice-thirsty victim. Consenquentialism seems like a wolf in sheeps clothing where it pretends to be the better alternative but the reality is it is just as lacking as retributivism. It presents an almost perfect view that happiness may be maximized, but in reality, ends up providing the retribution the victim needs but with l ess weight or more humane as they claim. Duff (2000) even stated that the utilitarian principle of maximizing happiness is only a fantasy because the consenquentialist should figure out how much pleasure, and how much pain, various possible practices and policies are likely to produceand then somehow add the pleasures, add the pains, and weigh them against each other The acceptance of the consenquentialists method of punishing the innocent for the benefit of good is also morally unacceptable. Again, Duff (2000) explained that even if we would, in some extreme situation, recognize that an innocent must be punished, we would also realize that this involved a probatory moral cost, a significant wrong done to the innocent person, which the utilitarian cannot recognize. (i.e. that the end justifies the means). They cannot recognize the intrinsic wrong of injustice that is done to an innocent scapegoat for what it is. Ironically, scapegoat can also be considered as an evil act given the circumstances, which may promote corruption and disregard for justice.BibliographyAllen, F.A. (1981).The decline of rehabilitative ideal. New Haven Yale University Press.Barber, K.F. (1994). Individuation and indistinguishability in Early Modern Philosophy Descartes to Kant. Albany State University of New York PressBell, L.A. (1993). Rethinking Ethics in the Midst of Violence A Feminist shape up to Freedom. Md. Rowman Littlefield, Lanham. Bennett, C. (2002). The Varieties of Retributive Experience. The Philosophical Quarterly, vol.52, no.207, pp.145-163Bennett, C. (2004). Punishment. UK Blackwell Publishing.Clear, T.R. (1994). Harm in American Penology wrongdoers, Victims, and Their Communities. University of New York Press, Albany NY.Duff, R. (2000).In Defence of One Type of Retributivism A Reply to Bagaric and Amarasekara. operable from 2 210 February, 2008Duff, A. (2004).Legal Punishment. 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